Fluorescent lamp and ferrule

ABSTRACT

At the end of life of a fluorescent lamp having a base to which a pin is press-fitted, it is an object to prevent the pin from dropping or slanting, etc. A fluorescent lamp includes a base having a base body and a pin press-fitted to a hole formed on the base body. A pin retaining force (a pin torque of the base) Fe after use by which the base body retains the pin is at least 0.08 Nm after the fluorescent lamp is burned for a rated life, and a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining force Fi by which the base body retains the pin before use of the fluorescent lamp and the pin retaining force Fe after use is at least 0.66.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a base for a fluorescent lamp to whicha metal pin is inserted by press-fitting and a fluorescent lamp usingthe base.

BACKGROUND ART

At the time of manufacturing a base, it is desired that a metal pinretaining force (a pin torque of the base) of a base body be within arange of 0.10 Nm to 0.12 Nm. When the retaining force is less than 0.10Nm, failure may occur such as dropping of a pin. On the other hand, ifthe retaining force is greater than 0.12 Nm, the pin torque can be kepta sufficient value; however, a crack of the base may frequently occurwhen the pin is inserted, and much chaff may be generated from peeledbase resin, which causes an adverse effect on the productivity.

In addition, to make the metal pin retaining force (a pin torque of thebase) of the base body stay within the range of 0.10 Nm to 0.12 Nm, amethod is taken in which a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameter Dh and an outerdiameter Dp of the pin is kept within a range of 0.96 to 0.98 when thepin is inserted by press-fitting, and glass filler, which is used as areinforcement member, is kept within a range of 5 wt % (percent byweight) to 30 wt %.

To keep the metal pin retaining force of the base body at the time ofmanufacturing the base within the range of 0.10 Nm to 0.12 Nm and toattain other characteristics (heat resistance, incombustibility,colorfastness, etc.) required for the base of the fluorescent lamp, suchas optimal selection of resin or optimization of compounding ratio ofpigment, etc. have been conducted. For example, heat resistantpolybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc.are selected as thermoplastic resin, and further, white pigment such astitanium oxide is added to keep a good appearance of the base and toprevent discoloring due to the heat generated by burning. The whitepigment of 5-10 wt % is added to make body color of the base body whiteand prevent discoloring due to high temperature, etc.

Further, JP08-273602 discloses technique to color a resin casecontaining a burning circuit in dark color.

In the conventional art, there sometimes occurs a problem that even ifthe base body has a sufficient metal pin retaining force at the time ofmanufacturing the base, the pin drops at the time of attaching/removingthe lamp to/from a luminaire in the market. It is known that such aproblem occurs more frequently at the end of life (burning time:approximately 10,000 hours) of the fluorescent lamp.

Therefore, the present invention aims to, from an initial stage of usinga fluorescent lamp to the end of the life of lamp, prevent the lamp fromfalling from a luminaire because a pin drops when the lamp isattached/removed to/from the luminaire and while the lamp is burned.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, a fluorescent lamp includes a basehaving a base body and a pin press-fitted to a hole formed on the basebody, and the fluorescent lamp has at least 0.08 Nm of a pin retainingforce (a pin torque of the base) Fe after use by which the base bodyretains the pin when the fluorescent lamp has been burned for a ratedlife.

Further, a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining force Fi by which thebase body retains the pin before use of the fluorescent lamp and the pinretaining force Fe after use is at least 0.66.

Further, a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining force Fi by which thebase body retains the pin before use of the fluorescent lamp and the pinretaining force Fe is at least 0.8.

Further, a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameter Dh of a hole provided at thebase body and an outer diameter Dp of the pin is at least 0.89 but nomore than 0.99.

Further, a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameter Dh of a hole provided at thebase body and an outer diameter Dp of the pin is at least 0.96 but nomore than 0.98.

A temperature of the base during burning is at least 70 degrees Celsius.

The rated life is 10,000 hours.

The base body is made of thermoplastic resin, and the fluorescent lampincludes a cover part engaged with the base body, to which four metalpins are press-fitted by setting two pairs of the four metal pins inparallel, and an arc tube set to a hole provided on the cover part.

The thermoplastic resin contains white pigment of no more than 0 wt %(percent by weight) and no more than 3 wt % and glass filler of at least5 wt % but no more than 30 wt %.

The thermoplastic resin contains the white pigment of at least 0 wt %but no more than 2 wt %.

The thermoplastic resin contains black pigment of at least 0.2 wt %.

The black pigment includes carbon black.

The base body is one of black and dark color, and the cover part iswhite.

According to the present invention, a fluorescent lamp includes a basehaving a base body made of thermoplastic resin, a hole provided on thebase body, and a pin press-fitted to the hole, and the thermoplasticresin contains white pigment of at least 0 wt % but no more than 3 wt %and glass filler of at least 5 wt % but no more than 30 wt %.

According to the present invention, a fluorescent lamp includes a basehaving a base body and a pin press-fitted to a hole formed on the basebody, and a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining force (a pin torqueof the base) Fi by which the base body retains the pin before use of thefluorescent lamp and a pin retaining force Fe after use by which thebase body retains the pin after the fluorescent lamp is burned for arated life is at least 0.66.

According to the present invention, a base includes a base body and apin press-fitted to a hole formed on the base body, and a pin retainingforce (a pin torque of the base) Fe after use by which the base bodyretains the pin after burning for a rated life is at least 0.08 Nm.

Further, a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining force Fi by which thebase body retains the pin before use of the fluorescent lamp and the pinretaining force Fe after use is at least 0.66.

Further, a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameter Dh of the hole provided on thebase body and an outer diameter Dp of the pin is at least 0.89 but nomore than 0.99.

The thermoplastic resin contains white pigment of at least 0 wt % but nomore than 3 wt % and glass filler of at least 5 wt % but no more than 30wt %.

According to the present invention, a base includes a base having a basebody made of thermoplastic resin, a hole provided on the base body, anda pin press-fitted to the hole, and the thermoplastic resin containswhite pigment of at least 0 wt % but no more than 3 wt % and glassfiller of at least 5 wt % but no more than 30 wt %.

Further, a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameter Dh of the hole formed on thebase body and an outer diameter Dp of the pin is at least 0.89 but nomore than 0.99.

According to the present invention, a base includes a base having a basebody and a pin press-fitted to a hole provided on the base body, and arate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining force (a pin torque of the base)Fi by which the base body retains the pin before a fluorescent lamp isused and a pin retaining force Fe after use by which the base bodyretains the pin after the fluorescent lamp is burned for a rated life isat least 0.66.

BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a fluorescent lamp that will be explained inan embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a single capped fluorescent lamp shown in FIG. 1,separated to configuring components.

FIG. 3 shows a base 110 in detail.

FIG. 4 is a diagram (a graph) outlining secular change of the pinretaining force of the base.

FIG. 5 is a diagram (a table) showing a test result of relation betweenan initial pin retaining force Fi and a crack generation rate (%) at thetime of inserting a pin.

FIG. 6 is a diagram (a graph) showing a test result of relation betweenan initial pin retaining force Fi and a crack generation rate (%) at thetime of inserting a pin.

FIG. 7 shows a test result of relation between a pin retaining force Fe(Nm) after use after burning for 10,000 hours and occurrence of apin-dropping or a pin-slanting at the time of attaching/removing thelamp to/from a lamp holder.

FIG. 8 is a diagram (a graph) showing a test result of relation betweena rate Dh/Dp and an initial pin retaining force Fi (Nm).

FIG. 9 is a diagram (a table) showing a test result of relation betweena rate Dh/Dp and an initial pin retaining force Fi (Nm).

FIG. 10 is a diagram (a table) showing combinations of glass fillercontent and quantity of white pigment addition.

FIG. 11 is a diagram (a table) showing combinations of glass fillercontent and quantity of white pigment addition.

FIG. 12 is a diagram (a table) showing a measurement result of the pinretaining force for each combination of Examples and Comparisons shownin FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 is a diagram (a table) showing a measurement result of the pinretaining force for each combination of Examples shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 14 is a diagram (a table) showing a base crack generation rate andthe number of occurrences of a pin-dropping or a pin-slanting forrepresentative cases of Examples.

FIG. 15 shows a measurement result of secular change of the pinretaining force for representative cases of Examples.

FIG. 16 is a diagram (a table) showing combinations of carbon blackcontent and quantity of white pigment addition.

FIG. 17 is a diagram (a table) showing a test result of relation betweencarbon black content and discoloring.

FIG. 18 is a table showing a test result of relation between carbonblack content, an initial pin retaining force Fi, and a pin retainingforce Fe after use.

FIG. 19 shows an example of a torque gauge.

FIG. 20 is a diagram (a table) showing an example of types of bases towhich the present invention can be applied.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiment 1

FIG. 1 shows an example of a fluorescent lamp that will be explained inan embodiment.

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a single capped fluorescent lamp asan example of the fluorescent lamp.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a single capped fluorescent lamp shown in FIG. 1,separated to configuring components. FIG. 2 is a side view of the abovecomponents.

In FIGS. 1 and 2, the single capped fluorescent lamp has a base 110, acover part 120, and an arc tube 130.

Further, in the embodiment, an example will be explained in which a basebody 111 is black or dark color (not white). Because of this, in FIG. 1,slant lines are put on the base body 111 to clearly show that it iscolored. The slant lines are omitted in FIG. 2 and also in FIG. 3 whichwill be explained later.

In the following, the components will be discussed.

The base 110 has an inserting part to a holder (a luminaire, a luminairewith a socket) and an engaging part with the cover part 120. The base110 includes the base body 111 made of thermoplastic resin and fourmetal pins 112. Four holes 113 are formed on the base body 111, and thepins 112 are press-fitted into the four holes 113, respectively. In thisembodiment, an example of the base 110 includes four pins 112; however,the number of pins is not limited to four.

The cover part 120 is made of thermoplastic resin, and is joined to thebase 110 and the arc tube 130. The cover part 120 includes a hole inwhich the arc tube 130 is set. The cover part 120 is engaged with thebase 110.

The arc tube 130 is a part to light and is set to the cover part 120.The arc tube 130 is connected electrically via a lead wire (notillustrated).

The thermoplastic resin is, for example, PBT (polybutyleneterephthalate), PET (polyethylene terephthalate), etc.

FIG. 3 shows the base 110 in detail.

(A) in FIG. 3 shows a front view, (B) and (C) in FIG. 3 show side views,(D) in FIG. 3 shows a perspective view, and (E) in FIG. 3 shows across-section view (a part of the base body 111). (F) in FIG. 3 shows aside view of a pin 112 (a partial cross-section view (the right side ofthe center line)).

As shown in FIG. 3, the four metal pins 112 are press-fitted to the basebody 111 by setting two pairs of the four pins in parallel.

(E) in FIG. 3 shows a cross-section view of a base body part of the basebody 111 including a hole 113. A length (a diameter) shown by Dh is ahole diameter of the hole 113 provided at the base body. Thiscorresponds to a diameter of the hole 113.

In (F) in FIG. 3, a length (a diameter) shown by Dp is an outer diameterof a pin 112. A part having the outer diameter Dp includes a partcontacting to a part having the hole diameter Dh of a hole 113. The pin112 is inserted to the hole 113 formed on the base body 111 and retainedby pressure received from the hole 113.

A pin retaining force is force by which the base body 111 retains thepins 112 (a pin torque of the base). The pin retaining force isrepresented by a value of Nm (Newton meter).

An “initial pin retaining force Fi” is a retaining force after the metalpins 112 are press-fitted to the base body 111 and before thefluorescent lamp is used (in mint state; before the fluorescent lamp isburned). The outer diameter Dp and the hole diameter Dh relate to theinitial pin retaining force Fi.

A “pin retaining force Fe after use” is a pin retaining force by whichthe base body 111 retains the metal pins 112 after the lamp is burnedfor 10,000 hours.

The burning time of 10,000 hours corresponds to a rated life (a ratedlife time) of a typical compact fluorescent lamp FHT57W.

The “rated life” is a life duration that is announced based on a meanvalue of lives of the lamps of the same type which have been producedfor a long time. The rated life is obtained by, for example, calculatinga mean value of lives of many lamps which are tested by operation thatrepeatedly puts the light on for 2.75 hours and the light off for 0.25hours. Therefore, not every lamp terminates its life when the rated lifeis over. Further, lives may vary depending on voltages, frequency ofswitching, manufacturing conditions, etc.

A “life” is defined by a total burning time of a lamp when the lamp isburned under predetermined condition until the lamp cannot be burned anymore or a total burning time of a lamp when the lamp is burned untilluminous flux becomes 70% of initial luminous flux (60% in case of lampsof a certain color rendering type and compact fluorescent lamps)whichever is shorter.

Further, simply terming “pin retaining force after use” (without Fe), itmeans a pin retaining force after the lamp is burned for a predeterminedtime, and also means a pin retaining force after the fluorescent lamp isused (after the fluorescent lamp is burned) for a predetermined time.The predetermined time means an arbitrary time such as a rated life andso on (this is not limited to a rated life).

FIG. 4 is a diagram (a graph) outlining secular change of the pinretaining force of the base.

In FIG. 4, the pin retaining force is a value obtained by using thefluorescent lamp shown in FIGS. 1 through 3. Further, temperature of thebase of the fluorescent lamp becomes at least 70 degrees Celsius whilethe lamp is burned.

For pattern 1, the initial pin retaining force Fi is 0.1; for pattern 2,the initial pin retaining force Fi is 0.12; and for pattern 3, theinitial pin retaining force Fi is 0.12. Any of the patterns shows anexample of a case in which the pin retaining force Fe after use (a pinretaining force after the lamp is burned for a rated life) exceeds thelower limit value 0.08. Pattern 3 shows a case in which the pinretaining force decreases more than cases of pattern 1 and pattern 2.

Further, Comparison 1 shows an example of the base body 111 containingthe glass filler of 15 wt % and the white pigment TiO₂ addition of 5 wt%.

Further, Comparison 4 shows an example of the base body 111 containingthe glass filler of 60 wt % and the white pigment TiO₂ addition of 5 wt%.

Here, in the following explanation, the glass filler and the quantity ofwhite pigment addition will be described as a percentage by weight tothe base body 111 when they are referred to without special remarks(including a case of showing the content and quantity with only %).

The fluorescent lamps of pattern 1, pattern 2, and pattern 3 have thefollowing characteristics.

At the end of the life, there occurs some failure such as dropping,slanting, etc. of the pins 112 press-fitted into the base body 111 ofthe fluorescent lamp. One of the reasons of such failure is that thebase body 111 is degraded due to the heat of the fluorescent lamp whilethe lamp is burned. It is possible to suppress occurrence of the failurewhen the pin retaining force Fe is at least 0.08 Nm. It is preferablethat the initial pin retaining force Fi should be no more than 0.12 Nm,and the pin retaining force after use be at least 0.08 Nm.

From the above example, it is preferable that a rate Fe/Fi should be atleast 0.66 (0.08/0.12). Further, on considering longevity of the ratedlife of 15,000 hours of the fluorescent lamp that will be required inthe future, it is more desirable that the rate Fe/Fi should be at least0.80 (0.80/0.10, or 0.10/0.12) (refer to patterns 1 and 2 in FIG. 4).Yet further, viewing from FIG. 4, when the rate Fe/Fi is at least 0.8,good values are maintained even if the pin retaining force Fe after usedecreases (suddenly decreases) after the lamp is burned for 15,000hours. In particular, in case of pattern 2 of FIG. 4, values of at least0.08 Nm are maintained after the lamp is burned for 15,000 hours.

It can be said that as a value of the rate Fe/Fi approaches to 1.00, thedegradation of the base body 111 can be suppressed.

In addition, from the facts that the pin retaining force Fe after usecannot be greater than the initial pin retaining force Fi and that thepin retaining force is degraded by burning the lamp, it can be also saidthat the pin retaining force Fe after use is less than the initial pinretaining force Fi (the pin retaining force Fe after use<the initial pinretaining force Fi). Accordingly, the rate Fe/Fi is less than 1.0.Namely, when a desired value of the pin retaining force Fe after use isfixed, the initial pin retaining force Fi has to be greater than thelower limit value of the desired value of the pin retaining force Feafter use.

As shown in Comparisons 1 and 4 of FIG. 4, the decrease of the pinretaining force is significant especially after the rated life is over.It is important to prevent this decrease to suppress the failure of thefluorescent lamp at the end of life.

Therefore, it is desired to suppress the decrease of the pin retainingforce of the fluorescent lamp at the end of life.

Through the above explanation, it is found that a preferable value ofthe rate Fe/Fi, which is a rate of the initial pin retaining force Fiafter using the lamp for the rated life and the pin retaining force Feafter use, is at least 0.66, in particular at least 0.80.

Next, the base body 111 will be discussed.

For the base body 111, it is found that a preferable value of the rateDh/Dp, which is a rate of the hole diameter Dh and the outer diameter Dpis at least 0.89 but no more than 0.99, in particular at least 0.96 butno more than 0.98.

For addition contained in the thermoplastic resin of the base body 111,it is found that the pin retaining force can be maintained when thewhite pigment is no more than 3 wt %, and the glass filler, which isused as a reinforcement member, is at least 10 wt % but no more than 30wt %. Further, it is found that a preferable value of the white pigmentis no more than 2 wt %. From the fact that it is a reason of thedegradation to add the white pigment to the thermoplastic resin, it canbe said that the lower limit value of the white pigment is at least 0 wt%.

On the other hand, it is found that containing black pigment of at least0.2 wt % in the thermoplastic resin of the base body 111 makesdiscoloring by the heat of burning inconspicuous without using the whitepigment. Further, the discoloring by the heat can be made inconspicuousby adding the black pigment of at least 0.2 wt % but no more than 1.0 wt%.

As shown in FIG. 1, for the fluorescent lamp, by coloring the resin basebody 111 in black or dark color and the resin cover part 120 white, thebase 110 colored in black or dark color is covered by the white coverpart and is not seen by a user. Because of this, an outer appearance canbe kept white. Further, when the user sees the base 110 at the time ofattaching/removing the lamp, as the base is colored in black or darkcolor, and the discoloring by the heat of burning is inconspicuous, theuser is not impressed by the degradation of the base.

Hereinafter, test results according to the first to fifth examples willbe shown by referring to FIGS. 5 to 17.

As a measurement method for a pin torque of the base, a torque gauge (anexample of measurement devices) shown in FIG. 19 is used. The followingshows a detail of the torque gauge of FIG. 19.

Manufacturer: Kabushiki Kaisha Tonichi Seisakujo

Type: ATG12CN

Specification: 1-12 (cNm); a minimum unit: 0.2 (cNm)

As a standard, all four pins need to have a torque of 8.0 (cNm) (0.08Nm).

The measurement is carried out by the following:

(1) insert a pin to be measured to a top of the torque gauge and fixfirmly by a thumbscrew;

(2) set a leaving needle of the torque gauge to 0;

(3) twist the torque gauge body. In FIG. 19, the torque gauge is twistedtoward the direction of an arrow.

(4) when the torque reaches the maximum, the press-fitted part of thepin and the base are slipped, and the leaving needle stops.

(5) twist backwards the torque gauge body and read a value indicated bythe leaving needle. To check the retaining force of the pin and base,the measurement is done by using torque strength. Namely, how muchretaining force the pin has is read as data by measuring a twist torque.The pin retaining force is quantified by this operation.

(6) operations of the above (1) through (5) are repeated for other pins.

The above explanation of the embodiment is based on the single cappedfluorescent lamp shown in FIGS. 1 to 3; however, the embodiment can beapplied to other fluorescent lamps having a base of types shown in atable of FIG. 20.

Further, in the above embodiment and the following examples, theexplanation is done based on an example case in which the base body 111is made of thermoplastic resin and the pins 112 are metal; however, anapplication of the embodiment and examples is not limited to this case.The base body 111 and the pins 112 can be made of other materials.

EXAMPLE 1

FIGS. 5 and 6 are diagrams showing test results of relation between aninitial pin retaining force Fi and a crack generation rate (%) at thetime of inserting a pin.

Tests are carried out by an example case in which the fluorescent lampis FHT57W lamp, the base is GX24q-5 base, and the holder is GX24q-5holder. Here, in the subsequent examples from the second, tests arecarried out by using the fluorescent lamp, the base, and the holder ofthe same type.

For data of FIGS. 5 and 6, PBT is used for the base body 111 as anexample of the thermoplastic resin. To the base body 111, TiO₂ (titaniumdioxide) of 5 wt % is added as the white pigment. The tests are carriedout by changing the glass filler content (wt %) and Dh/Dp to the valuesshown in the table. By changing either of the glass filler content (wt%) and Dh/Dp, the initial pin retaining force Fi is changed. When thepins 112 are inserted to the base on the manufacturing line, the numberof cracked bases is counted per 1,000 bases, and the counted number per1,000 bases is shown as a crack generation rate (%).

FIGS. 5 and 6 shows that when the initial pin retaining force Fi exceeds0.12 Nm (Fi is at least 0.126 in FIG. 5), a crack of the base isgenerated.

Accordingly, it is found that the initial pin retaining force Fi ispreferably no more than 0.12 Nm.

EXAMPLE 2

FIG. 7 shows a test result of relation between a pin retaining forceFe(Nm) after use and occurrence of a pin-dropping or a pin-slanting atthe time of attaching/removing a fluorescent lamp to/from a lamp holderafter the lamp is burned for 10,000 hours.

For data shown in FIG. 7, PBT is used for the base body 111 as anexample of thermoplastic resin. The tests are carried out by changingvalues of glass filler content (wt %), the value of Dh/Dp, and thequantity of white pigment addition (TiO₂) (wt %) to the values shown inFIG. 7. By changing each of the values, the pin retaining force Fe afteruse is changed, and pin-droppings and pin-slantings at the time ofattaching/removing the lamp to/from the lamp holder are checked. Twentylamps are tested as samples after the lamps are burned for 10,000 hours.When attaching/removing operation of the lamps to/from holders isrepeated ten times, the pin-droppings from the base and thepin-slantings are counted.

A pin-dropping means that a pin 112 press-fitted to a hole 113 of thebase body 111 drops.

A pin-slanting means that a pin 112 slants from the foot because ofdeformation of a hole 113 of the base body 111 to which the pin 112 isinserted. The pin-slanting is different phenomenon from the deformationof the pin itself.

As shown in FIG. 7, when the pin retaining force Fe after use is atleast 0.08 Nm, neither a pin-dropping nor a pin-slanting occurs. It isfound that there occur failures such as a pin-dropping and apin-slanting when the pin retaining force Fe after use becomes less than0.08 Nm.

EXAMPLE 3

FIGS. 8 and 9 show a test result of relation between Dh/Dp and aninitial pin retaining force Fi (Nm).

In the data of FIGS. 8 and 9, PBT is used for the base body 111 as anexample of thermoplastic resin. TiO₂ (titanium dioxide) is not added (0wt %) to the base body 111 as the white pigment. The tests are carriedout by changing values of glass filler content (wt %) and values ofDh/Dp to the values shown in FIG. 9. For plural combinations of eachvalue, the initial pin retaining force Fi is measured.

At least one lamp is prepared as a test sample for each of thecombinations of the initial pin retaining force Fi and the rate Dh/Dp.The tests are carried out by measuring the pin retaining force (torque)of three pins out of the four pins press-fitted to each of the lampsthat correspond to the above combinations.

When Dh/Dp is at least 0.96 but no more than 0.98, in all cases when theglass filler content is 5 wt %, 15 wt %, and 30 wt %, the initial pinretaining force Fi stays within a range of at least 0.10 Nm but no morethan 0.12 Nm.

When Dh/Dp is at least 0.89 but no more than 0.99, there are some casesin which the initial pin retaining force Fi is not within the range ofat least 0.10 Nm but no more than 0.12 Nm according to the glass fillercontent. When Dh/Dp is at least 0.92 but no more than 0.98, in cases ofat least two values of the glass filler content, the initial pinretaining force Fi is within the range of at least 0.10 Nm but no morethan 0.12 Nm. When Dh/Dp is 0.94, in case of the glass filler of 30 wt%, the initial pin retaining force Fi is 0.121, which slightly exceedsthe range that is up to 0.120.

As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, it is found that applicable values of Dh/Dpare at least 0.89 but no more than 0.99, and Dh/Dp is preferably atleast 0.92 but no more than 0.98, in particular, at least 0.96 but nomore than 0.98.

EXAMPLE 4

In the fourth example, test results will be discussed, in whichcomponents related to the pin retaining force is tested when contentrate of materials of the base body 111 is changed.

FIGS. 10 and 11 are tables showing combinations of glass filler contentand quantity of white pigment addition. TiO₂ is used as an example ofthe white pigment. The glass filler content and the quantity of whitepigment addition are shown by percentage by weight to the base body 111.In the fourth example, PBT is used for the base body 111 as an exampleof thermoplastic resin.

Labels of Examples 1 to 21 and Comparisons 1 to 6 are used asidentifiers to specify the above combinations.

For Examples 1 to 21 and Comparisons 1 to 6, PBT is used for the basebody 111 as an example of thermoplastic resin.

Further, the tests are carried out by setting Dh/Dp to 0.97 for Examples1 to 17 and Comparisons 1 to 6, and by setting Dh/Dp to 0.85 forExamples 18 to 21.

FIGS. 12 and 13 are tables showing measurement result of the pinretaining force for each combination of Examples and Comparisons shownin FIGS. 10 and 11.

At least two lamps are prepared as test samples for each of examples.The tests are carried out by measuring the pin retaining force (torque)of three pins out of the four pins press-fitted to each of the lamps.Different lamps are used for measuring the initial pin retaining forceFi and the pin retaining force Fe after use.

As shown in FIG. 12, the values of Fi, Fe, Fe/Fi are within a good rangewhen the glass filler is at least 5 wt % but no more than 30 wt %, andthe quantity of white pigment addition is at least 0 wt % but no morethan 3%.

Further, it is found that it is more desirable that the glass filler beat least 5 wt % but no more than 30 wt % and the quantity of whitepigment addition be at least 0 wt % but no more than 2 wt %. It is moredesirable because the degradation of the base body 111 can be suppressedas the value of Fe/Fi is large. Viewing from the value of Fe/Fi, it ismore desirable when the glass filler is at least 5 wt % but no more than30 wt % and the quantity of white pigment addition is at least 0 wt %but no more than 1 wt %.

When the glass filler is at least 5 wt % but no more than 30 wt % andthe quantity of white pigment addition is 0 wt % or when the glassfiller is at least 5 wt % but no more than 15 wt % and the quantity ofwhite pigment addition is 1 wt %, the value of Fe/Fi becomes at least0.08, which is in particular preferable.

By setting the glass filler content and the quantity of white pigmentaddition within the above range, it is possible to maintain the pinretaining force Fe after use even if the fluorescent lamp is used forlonger than the rated life.

Further, as shown in FIG. 13, in all cases of Examples shown in FIG. 11,the initial pin retaining force Fi is large, and thus it is found notpractical from the result of FIG. 5, since the crack generation rate ishigh at the time of inserting the pin.

FIG. 14 is a table showing a base crack generation rate and the numberof occurrences of a pin-dropping or a pin-slanting for representativecases of Examples.

FIG. 14 uses Examples 7, 4, and 17 and Comparisons 1 and 4 shown in FIG.10. For the crack generation rate (%), tests are carried out similarlyto Example 1, and for a pin-dropping or a pin-slanting, tests arecarried out similarly to Example 2.

In Comparison 4, the value of Fi is 0.139, which exceeds the appropriaterange and the crack generation rate is high. In Comparison 1, the valueof Fe is 0.067, which is less than 0.08, and the number of pieces inwhich a pin-dropping or a pin-slanting occurs is large. In Examplesother than the above, neither the crack generation rate nor the numberof pieces in which a pin-dropping or a pin-slanting occurs arises, whichshows the pin retaining force is sufficient. Accordingly, by using thebase body 111 consisting of composition defined by the above examples,it is possible to maintain the pin retaining force of the base 100 afterthe rated life is over.

FIG. 15 shows a measurement result of secular change of the pinretaining force for representative cases of Examples. FIG. 15 usesExamples 4, 10, and 17, Comparisons 1 and 4 shown in FIG. 10.

As the tests involve destruction, the same number of lamps as the numberof measuring times is prepared, and the measurement is carried out every1,000 hours from the starting time of the test until 16,000 hours havepassed. Accordingly, at least 16 lamps are prepared, and three out offour pins press-fitted to each lamp are used for the measurement.

FIG. 15 shows that in Examples 4, 10, and 17, the pin retaining forcemaintains 0.08 Nm that is a necessary value for retaining the pin, andfurther shows that the pin retaining force does not suddenly fall downafter the lamp is burned for longer than 10,000 hours, which suggeststhe lamps can be used for longer life time.

From FIG. 15, it is understood that in Examples 4, 10, and 17,especially in Examples 4 and 10, the slope of the graph is gradual,which means the pin retaining force decreases slowly. Especially inExample 4, the pin retaining force Fe after use is kept to be 0.08 Nmeven if the lamp is burned for longer than 15,000 hours, which means itis possible to extend the rated life of the fluorescent lamp. It isfound that the necessary pin retaining force can be maintained after thelamp is burned for long time when the value of Fi is closer to 0.120 Nm,the value of Fe/Fi is large, and the degradation of the pin retainingforce is suppressed. Therefore, these examples can be adequately appliedto a case in which the rated life is set longer than 10,000 hours(15,000 hours, for example).

As explained above, by appropriately combining the glass filler contentand the quantity of white pigment addition, it is possible to maintainthe pin retaining force, which enables to lengthen the life of the lamp.As shown in FIG. 15, since the pin retaining force can be maintained anddoes not suddenly fall even if the burning time exceeds 10,000 hours, itis found that the examples enables to further lengthen the life of thelamp.

EXAMPLE 5

In Example 5, results of tests will be discussed, in which relationbetween carbon black content in the base body 111 and discoloring, andrelation between the carbon black content and Fi and Fe are examined.

FIG. 16 is a table showing combinations of carbon black content (alsocalled “carbon content”) and quantity of white pigment addition. TiO₂ isused as an example of white pigment. The carbon black content and thequantity of white pigment addition are shown as a percentage by weightto the base body 111. PBT is used for the base body 111 as an example ofthermoplastic resin. Further, the base body 111 contains the glassfiller of 15 wt %. The tests are carried out when Dh/Dp is 0.97.

Examples 3, 7, 11, Examples 22 to 31, Comparisons 1 and 5 are used asidentifiers to specify the above combinations.

FIG. 17 is a table showing a test result of relation between carbonblack content and discoloring. The combinations of the carbon blackcontent and the quantity of white pigment addition are the same as shownin FIG. 16. The tests are carried out by five subjects who visuallyobserve the base 100 of the fluorescent lamp. One subject visuallyobserves three samples. “Discoloring is recognized” by one subject meansthat discoloring of at least one sample out of the three samples isrecognized.

In case the quantity of white pigment addition is less than 2 wt %, thecarbon black content is desired to be at least 0.2 wt %, in particularat least 0.5 wt %.

In case the quantity of white pigment addition is 2 wt %, the carbonblack content is desired to be at least 0.1 wt %, in particular at least0.2 wt %.

In case the quantity of white pigment addition is 5 wt % or 10 wt %, thediscoloring is not recognized even if the carbon black is not added.

FIG. 18 is a table showing a test result of relation between carbonblack content, and an initial pin retaining force Fi and a pin retainingforce Fe after use.

The thermoplastic resin turns completely to black when the carbon blackof 0.5 wt % is contained.

As shown in FIG. 18, in case the carbon black content is 1.0 wt %, thevalues of Fi, Fe and Fi/Fe are within a proper range. Therefore, it canbe said that the carbon black content of around 1 wt % may not causeproblems.

In addition, the carbon black content does not cause an adverse effectwithin the range of 1.0 wt % as shown in FIG. 18; however, it isanticipated that too much addition of the carbon black may cause a shortcircuit because of the decrease of resistivity of surface of the base.For example, in case of adding a large quantity of carbon black (5-10 wt%, for example), the initial pin retaining force Fi is increased, whichmay raise the number of cracks of the bases at the time ofmanufacturing.

Further, from FIGS. 17 and 18, for the white pigment within the properrange (TiO₂ of 0-2 wt %), by which the degradation of the base due tothe burning may hardly cause a problem, it can be said that the carbonblack content of 0.2 wt %, by which level the discoloring may hardlygenerate a problem (cases of a white circle and a black circle in FIG.17 correspond to this level, and a case of a triangle is judged to benot good), would be preferable.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it ispossible to improve the pin retaining force of the base body. Therefore,the fluorescent lamp can be burned for longer hours.

Further, since the pin retaining force can be improved, it is possibleto reduce the depth of an inserting part of the pins (to shorten thepins) at the time of press-fitting the pins to the base body. Thisenables to reduce the cost of the pins. In addition, since the pins areshortened, operating efficiency can be improved at a step for insertinga lead wire.

1. A fluorescent lamp comprising a base having a base body and a pinpress-fitted to a hole formed on the base body, wherein the fluorescentlamp has at least 0.08 Nm of a pin retaining force (a pin torque of thebase) Fe after use by which the base body retains the pin when thefluorescent lamp has been burned for a rated life.
 2. The fluorescentlamp of claim 1, wherein a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining forceFi by which the base body retains the pin before use of the fluorescentlamp and the pin retaining force Fe after use is at least 0.66.
 3. Thefluorescent lamp of claim 1, wherein a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pinretaining force Fi by which the base body retains the pin before use ofthe fluorescent lamp and the pin retaining force Fe is at least 0.8. 4.The fluorescent lamp of claim 1, wherein a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameterDh of a hole provided at the base body and an outer diameter Dp of thepin is at least 0.89 but no more tan 0.99.
 5. The fluorescent lamp ofclaim 1, wherein a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameter Dh of a hole providedat the base body and an outer diameter Dp of the pin is at least 0.96but no more than 0.98.
 6. The fluorescent lamp of claim 1, wherein atemperature of the base during burning is at least 70 degrees Celsius.7. The fluorescent lamp of claim 1, wherein the rated life is 10,000hours.
 8. The fluorescent lamp of claim 1, wherein the base body is madeof thermoplastic resin, and the fluorescent lamp includes a cover partengaged with the base body, to which four metal pins are press-filled bysetting two pairs of the four metal pins in parallel, and an arc tubeset to a hole provided on the cover part.
 9. The fluorescent lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin contains white pigment of nomore than 0 wt % (percent by weight) and no more than 3 wt % and glassfiller of at least 5 wt % but no more than 30 wt %.
 10. The fluorescentlamp of claim 9, wherein the thermoplastic resin contains the whitepigment of at least 0 wt % but no more than 2 wt %.
 11. The fluorescentlamp of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin contains black pigmentof at least 0.2 wt %.
 12. The fluorescent lamp of claim 11, wherein theblack pigment includes eaton black.
 13. The fluorescent lamp of claim 8,wherein the base body is one of black and dark color, and the cover partis white.
 14. A base comprising a base body and a pin press-fitted to ahole formed on the base body; wherein a pin retaining force (a pintorque of the base) Fe after use by which the base body retains the pinafter burning for a rated life is at least 0.08 Nm.
 15. The base ofclaim 14, wherein a rate Fe/Fi of an initial pin retaining force Fi bywhich the base body retains the pin before use of the fluorescent lampand the pin retaining force Fe after use is at least 0.66.
 16. The baseof claim 14, wherein a rate Dh/Dp of a hole diameter Dh of the holeprovided on the base body and an outer diameter Dp of the pin is atleast 0.89 but no mote than 0.99.
 17. The base of claim 14, wherein thethermoplastic resin contains white pigment of at least 0 wt % but nomore than 3 wt % and glass filler of at least 5 wt % but no more than 30wt %.